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% Python style for highlighting
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|
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0.0,0.5,0.0}
|
||||
|
||||
\title[LoRa]{A Brief Introduction to \includegraphics[trim=0 4cm 0 0, scale=0.15]{images/lora.jpg}}
|
||||
\author{Simon Pirkelmann}
|
||||
\institute{\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{images/iR.pdf}}
|
||||
\date{December 2nd, 2019}
|
||||
|
||||
\AfterPreamble{\hypersetup{
|
||||
urlcolor=blue,
|
||||
}}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{document}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\titlepage
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
% Uncomment these lines for an automatically generated outline.
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Outline}
|
||||
\tableofcontents
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\section{LoRa}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Motivation}
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Motivation}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Example: monitor well-being of honey bees\\[0.5cm]
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.10]{images/honeybee.png}
|
||||
\hspace{0.5cm}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.055]{images/weight.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.045]{images/temperature.jpg}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.60]{images/humidity.jpg}\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\hspace{6cm}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.04]{images/distance.jpg} \hspace{0.5cm}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.15]{images/no-electricity.png} \\
|
||||
\pause
|
||||
\begin{minipage}{0.40\textwidth}
|
||||
\vspace{-2cm}
|
||||
\item Requirements:
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}
|
||||
\item Low data rate (a few bytes per day)
|
||||
\item Low power consumption
|
||||
\item Low cost
|
||||
\item Long range
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{minipage}
|
||||
\pause
|
||||
\begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
|
||||
\hspace{0.2cm}
|
||||
Options:
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}
|
||||
\item Data line (e.g. ethernet)
|
||||
\item Wifi, Bluetooth
|
||||
\item Cellular
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{minipage}
|
||||
\vspace{0.1cm}
|
||||
\pause
|
||||
\item Solution: LPWAN (\textbf{L}ow-\textbf{P}ower \textbf{W}ide-\textbf{A}rea \textbf{N}etwork)
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item \textbf{LoRa}, \textbf{LoRaWAN}, \textbf{TheThingsNetwork}
|
||||
\item SigFox, NB-IoT, Weightless, ...
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{LoRa facts}
|
||||
\begin{frame}{LoRa Facts}
|
||||
\begin{reference}{0mm}{70mm}
|
||||
https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/
|
||||
\end{reference}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Developed by \textbf{Semtech} (originally by Cycleo)\\
|
||||
\hspace{0.3 cm}\textbf{Note:} parts of the PHY layer are \textbf{proprietary}!
|
||||
\item Frequency: \textbf{868 MHz} \textbf{SRD} band (in the EU)
|
||||
\item \textbf{25 mW} transmission power
|
||||
\item Bandwidth: \textbf{125} to \textbf{500 kHz}
|
||||
\item Data rate between \textbf{250 Bit/sec} and 21 \textbf{kBit/sec} \\
|
||||
\hspace{0.3 cm}\textbf{BUT}: not made for a lot of data
|
||||
\item Low cost: \textbf{$\sim $10 EUR} CAPEX (for nodes), almost no OPEX
|
||||
\item Low power: devices can last \textbf{years on battery}
|
||||
\item Long distance: up to \textbf{10 km} range
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\only<2>{
|
||||
\begin{textblock*}{100mm}(-5mm,-65mm)
|
||||
\textblockcolour{white}
|
||||
\begin{exampleblock}{LoRa distance record}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/distance_record.png}
|
||||
\end{exampleblock}
|
||||
\end{textblock*}
|
||||
}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}{LoRa facts}
|
||||
\begin{reference}{0mm}{75mm}
|
||||
https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/
|
||||
\end{reference}
|
||||
LoRa is \textbf{NOT} for:
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Realtime data - only small packets, every couple of minutes
|
||||
\item Phone calls - you can do that with GPRS/3G/LTE
|
||||
\item Controlling lights in your house - check out ZigBee or BlueTooth
|
||||
\item Sending photos, watching Netflix - check out WiFi
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
Important: \includegraphics[trim=0cm 4cm 0 0cm, scale=0.11]{images/lora.jpg} $\leftrightarrow$ \includegraphics[trim=0cm 4cm 0 0cm,scale=0.15]{images/lorawan.jpg} $\leftrightarrow$ \includegraphics[trim=0cm 4cm 0 0cm,scale=0.06]{images/ttn.png}\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item \textbf{LoRa}: PHY layer $\Rightarrow$ modulation technique
|
||||
\item \textbf{LoRaWAN}: Network protocol
|
||||
\item \textbf{TheThingsNetwork (TTN)}: Network server, handles routing of data to the \textit{cloud}
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{PHY layer: modulation and demodulation}
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Digital modulation}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item \textbf{A}mplitude \textbf{S}hift \textbf{K}eying (ASK)
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{images/unmodulated.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{images/amplitude_modulation.png}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Digital modulation}
|
||||
\begin{reference}{0mm}{75mm}
|
||||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirp\_spread\_spectrum
|
||||
\end{reference}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item \textbf{F}requency \textbf{S}hift \textbf{K}eying (FSK)
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{images/unmodulated.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{images/frequency_modulation.png}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Digital modulation}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Used by LoRa: \textbf{C}hirp \textbf{S}pread \textbf{S}pectrum (CSS) modulation
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/chirp.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/chirp_spectrogram.png}
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Chirp = frequency change over time\\
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}{LoRa modulation}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item LoRa uses \textbf{Up-Chirps} (frequency increases) and \textbf{Down-Chirps} (frequency decreases)
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/lora_upchirp.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/lora_downchirp.png}
|
||||
%\item Messages always start with 8 Up-Chirps
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Example LoRa packet}
|
||||
\begin{reference}{0mm}{70mm}
|
||||
Thanks Valentin and Stefan (DM4SG) for providing this data
|
||||
\end{reference}
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
\includegraphics<1>[scale=0.2]{images/lora_signal.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics<2>[scale=0.2]{images/lora_signal_2.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics<3>[scale=0.2]{images/lora_signal_3.png}
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Chirps and Symbols}
|
||||
\begin{overlayarea}{\textwidth}{\textheight}
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
\includegraphics<1>[scale=0.4]{images/lora_symbols_0.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics<2>[scale=0.4]{images/lora_symbols_1.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics<3>[scale=0.4]{images/lora_symbols_2.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics<4>[scale=0.4]{images/lora_symbols_3.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics<5>[scale=0.4]{images/lora_symbols_4.png}
|
||||
\includegraphics<6>[scale=0.4]{images/lora_symbols_5.png}
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
\only<2->{
|
||||
Time of frequency jump determines which data is encoded\\
|
||||
}
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
\only<3>{Example: \texttt{data = }\texttt{00000}}
|
||||
\only<4>{Example: \texttt{data = }\texttt{00010}}
|
||||
\only<5>{Example: \texttt{data = }\texttt{00011}}
|
||||
\only<6>{Example: \texttt{data = }\texttt{10110}}
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
\end{overlayarea}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Spreading factor}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Number of bits per symbol is determined by \textbf{spreading factor} (SF)
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
\includegraphics<1>[scale=0.5]{images/lora_spreading_factors.png}
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
\item Possible values: SF7 - SF12\\
|
||||
\hspace{0.5cm} SF7: 7 bits per symbol \\
|
||||
\hspace{0.5cm} SF12: 12 bits per symbol
|
||||
\item Spreading factor influences max. range
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Demodulation}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Signal is multiplied by (mixed with) Down-Chirp
|
||||
\item Fourier Transform
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Forward error coding}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item For each symbol several \textbf{parity bits} are added (= redundant information) \\
|
||||
Reason: allows to detect and fix errors that occur during transmission (due to interference, etc.)
|
||||
\item \textbf{Coding rate} determines number of parity bits:\\
|
||||
\hspace{0.25cm} CR 4/5 : of 5 bits transmitted, 4 bits are actual data\\
|
||||
\hspace{1.5cm}$\vdots$\\
|
||||
\hspace{0.25cm} CR 4/8 : of 8 bits transmitted, 4 bits are actual data
|
||||
\item Additionally: \textbf{C}yclical \textbf{R}edundancy \textbf{C}heck (CRC)
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}{LoRa package format}
|
||||
\begin{reference}{0mm}{70mm}
|
||||
Source: SX1276/77/78/79 datasheet
|
||||
\end{reference}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=.3]{images/lora_packet_structure.png}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Header: contains information about
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item payload length
|
||||
\item coding rate
|
||||
\item CRC present?
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\item Implicit header mode: no header sent
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Data rate and air time}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Data rate depends on bandwidth (BW), spreading factor (SF) and coding rate (CR)\\[0.3cm]
|
||||
\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
|
||||
\textbf{Symbol duration}:
|
||||
\begin{equation*}
|
||||
T_{sym} = \frac{2^{SF}}{BW}
|
||||
\end{equation*}
|
||||
\end{minipage}
|
||||
\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
|
||||
\textbf{Symbol rate}:
|
||||
\begin{equation*}
|
||||
R_{sym} = \frac{1}{T_{sym}}
|
||||
\end{equation*}
|
||||
\end{minipage}
|
||||
|
||||
\item \textbf{Data rate}:
|
||||
\begin{equation*}
|
||||
R_{data} = \underbrace{SF}_{\# \text{bits per symbol}} \cdot \underbrace{R_{symb}}_{\text{symbol rate}} \cdot \underbrace{\frac{4}{4 + CR}}_{\text{coding rate}}
|
||||
\end{equation*}
|
||||
\item Example data rates:\\
|
||||
\begin{tabular}{lll|lr}
|
||||
SF7 &BW250 &CR4/5 & $\approx 10.9$ &$\tfrac{kbit}{s}$ \\ \hline
|
||||
SF7 &BW125 &CR4/5 & $\approx 5.5$ &$\tfrac{kbit}{s}$ \\ \hline
|
||||
SF12 &BW125 &CR4/5 & $\approx 0.29$ & $\tfrac{kbit}{s}$
|
||||
\end{tabular}
|
||||
%\item Sync word: \url{https://forum.chirpstack.io/t/relation-between-sync-word-private-network-and-end-nodes/191/17}
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Time-On-Air}
|
||||
\begin{reference}{0mm}{65mm}
|
||||
According to \textit{Allgemeinzuteilung von Frequenzen zur Nutzung durch Funkanwendungen mit geringer Reichweite für nicht näher spezifizierte Anwendungen; Non-specific
|
||||
Short Range Devices (SRD)}, Bundesnetzagentur, 2018
|
||||
\end{reference}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Comply with \textbf{duty cycles} of the SRD band:
|
||||
\begin{tabular}{l|r|r}
|
||||
Frequency & Duty Cycle & ERP \\
|
||||
\hline
|
||||
868,0 - 868,6 MHz & 1 \% & 25 mW
|
||||
\end{tabular}
|
||||
\item This amounts to $\approx 30$ seconds of transmission time per hour (maximum!). Try to keep it way below.
|
||||
\item Airtime calculator: \url{https://www.loratools.nl/\#/airtime}
|
||||
\item Example: \texttt{20 bytes} payload \\
|
||||
$\rightarrow$ max. 25 messages per hour on SF12 \\
|
||||
$\rightarrow$ max. 600 messages per hour on SF7 \\
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Playground Part I}
|
||||
\begin{frame}[fragile]{Playground Part I}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Module used: \textbf{Wemos® TTGO LORA32 868Mhz ESP32}
|
||||
\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}
|
||||
\begin{small}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item ESP32
|
||||
\item LoRa Chip SX1276
|
||||
\item OLED display
|
||||
\item Antenna (needs to be connected!)
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{small}
|
||||
\end{minipage}%
|
||||
\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
|
||||
\includegraphics[scale=0.075]{images/ttgo_module.JPG}
|
||||
\end{minipage}
|
||||
\item Programmable in MicroPython thanks to \texttt{uPyLora} library by lemariva (\url{https://github.com/lemariva/uPyLora})
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{spacing}{0.52}
|
||||
\begin{python}
|
||||
from lora_transceiver import LoRaTransceiver
|
||||
from uPySensors.ssd1306_i2c import Display
|
||||
|
||||
disp = Display()
|
||||
|
||||
# create transceiver
|
||||
lora = LoRaTransceiver(display=disp)
|
||||
|
||||
# send a string
|
||||
lora.send_string("hello world!")
|
||||
|
||||
# send some raw binary data
|
||||
lora.send([0x01, 0x02, 0x03])
|
||||
\end{python}
|
||||
\end{spacing}
|
||||
\item Have a look at SX1276 datasheet
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}[fragile]{Playground Part I}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Receiving data:
|
||||
\begin{spacing}{0.52}
|
||||
\begin{python}
|
||||
from lora_transceiver import LoRaTransceiver
|
||||
from uPySensors.ssd1306_i2c import Display
|
||||
|
||||
disp = Display()
|
||||
|
||||
# create transceiver
|
||||
lora = LoRaTransceiver(display=disp)
|
||||
|
||||
# start receiving data (and output on the screen)
|
||||
lora.recv()
|
||||
\end{python}
|
||||
\end{spacing}
|
||||
\item Change LoRa parameters
|
||||
\begin{spacing}{0.52}
|
||||
\begin{python}
|
||||
# change the spreading factor
|
||||
lora.setSpreadingFactor(10)
|
||||
|
||||
# change the frequency
|
||||
lora.setFrequency(868.1e6)
|
||||
|
||||
# change signal bandwidth
|
||||
lora.setSignalBandwidth(250e3)
|
||||
|
||||
# change sync word
|
||||
lora.setSyncWord(0x34)
|
||||
\end{python}
|
||||
\end{spacing}
|
||||
\item Task: \textit{Turn off your neighbors LED!}
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{LoRaWAN or 'How to send data to the cloud'}
|
||||
\begin{frame}{Introduction}
|
||||
\begin{reference}{2mm}{70mm}
|
||||
https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/limitations-data-rate-packet-size-30-seconds-uplink-and-10-messages-downlink-per-day-fair-access-policy-guidelines/1300
|
||||
\end{reference}
|
||||
\textbf{Outline:}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Extensions: LoRaWAN
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item explain basic idea (getting your sensor data online)
|
||||
\item network topology
|
||||
\item protocol
|
||||
\item encryption
|
||||
\item Fair use policy \url{https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/limitations-data-rate-packet-size-30-seconds-uplink-and-10-messages-downlink-per-day-fair-access-policy-guidelines/1300}
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\item Practical part II: playing around with MicroPython LoRa modules, getting data into the cloud
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Practical Part II}
|
||||
\begin{frame}[fragile]
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Set device address, network and application key
|
||||
\item Encrypt data (done by uLoRaWAN)
|
||||
\item Encode data (as in Part I)
|
||||
\item Send data ...
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
On the receiver side:
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item ... receive data
|
||||
\item Decrypt data (using keys)
|
||||
\item Decode data (as in Part I)
|
||||
\item Do something with the data
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
Best practices to reduce payload size: \url{https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/best-practices-to-limit-application-payloads/1302}\\
|
||||
Cayenne Low Power Payload (LPP)
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\end{document}
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue