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\title[LoRa]{A Brief Introduction to \includegraphics[trim=0 4cm 0 0, scale=0.15]{images/lora.jpg}}
\author{Simon Pirkelmann}
\institute{\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{images/iR.pdf}}
\date{December 2nd, 2019}

\AfterPreamble{\hypersetup{
  urlcolor=blue,
}}

\begin{document}

\begin{frame}
  \titlepage
\end{frame}

% Uncomment these lines for an automatically generated outline.
\begin{frame}{Outline}
  \tableofcontents
\end{frame}



\section{LoRa}

\subsection{Motivation}
\begin{frame}{Motivation}
\begin{itemize}
\item Example: monitor well-being of honey bees\\[0.5cm]
\includegraphics[scale=0.10]{images/honeybee.png}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.055]{images/weight.png}
\includegraphics[scale=0.045]{images/temperature.jpg}
\includegraphics[scale=0.60]{images/humidity.jpg}\\[0.3cm]
\hspace{6cm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.04]{images/distance.jpg} \hspace{0.5cm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.15]{images/no-electricity.png} \\
\pause
\begin{minipage}{0.40\textwidth}
\vspace{-2cm}
\item Requirements:
\begin{itemize}
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}
\item Low data rate (a few bytes per day)
\item Low power consumption
\item Low cost
\item Long range
\end{itemize}
\end{minipage}
\pause
\begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
\hspace{0.2cm}
Options: 
\begin{itemize}
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}
\item Data line (e.g. ethernet)
\item Wifi, Bluetooth
\item Cellular
\end{itemize}
\end{minipage}
\vspace{0.1cm}
\pause
\item Solution: LPWAN (\textbf{L}ow-\textbf{P}ower \textbf{W}ide-\textbf{A}rea \textbf{N}etwork)
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{LoRa}, \textbf{LoRaWAN}, \textbf{TheThingsNetwork}
\item SigFox, NB-IoT, Weightless, ...
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{LoRa facts}
\begin{frame}{LoRa Facts}
\begin{reference}{0mm}{70mm}
https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/
\end{reference}
\begin{itemize}
\item Developed by \textbf{Semtech} (originally by Cycleo)\\
\hspace{0.3 cm}\textbf{Note:} parts of the PHY layer are \textbf{proprietary}!
\item Frequency: \textbf{868 MHz} \textbf{SRD} band (in the EU)
\item \textbf{25 mW} transmission power 
\item Bandwidth: \textbf{125} to \textbf{500 kHz}
\item Data rate between \textbf{250 Bit/sec} and 21 \textbf{kBit/sec} \\
\hspace{0.3 cm}\textbf{BUT}: not made for a lot of data
\item Low cost: \textbf{$\sim $10 EUR} CAPEX (for nodes), almost no OPEX
\item Low power: devices can last \textbf{years on battery}
\item Long distance: up to \textbf{10 km} range
\end{itemize}
\only<2>{
\begin{textblock*}{100mm}(-5mm,-65mm)
\textblockcolour{white}
\begin{exampleblock}{LoRa distance record}
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/distance_record.png}
\end{exampleblock}
\end{textblock*}
}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{LoRa facts}
\begin{reference}{0mm}{75mm}
https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/
\end{reference}
LoRa is \textbf{NOT} for:
\begin{itemize}
\item Realtime data - only small packets, every couple of minutes
\item Phone calls - you can do that with GPRS/3G/LTE
\item Controlling lights in your house - check out ZigBee or BlueTooth
\item Sending photos, watching Netflix - check out WiFi
\end{itemize}
Important: \includegraphics[trim=0cm 4cm 0 0cm, scale=0.11]{images/lora.jpg} $\leftrightarrow$ \includegraphics[trim=0cm 4cm 0 0cm,scale=0.15]{images/lorawan.jpg} $\leftrightarrow$ \includegraphics[trim=0cm 4cm 0 0cm,scale=0.06]{images/ttn.png}\\[0.3cm]
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{LoRa}: PHY layer $\Rightarrow$ modulation technique
\item \textbf{LoRaWAN}: Network protocol
\item \textbf{TheThingsNetwork (TTN)}: Network server, handles routing of data to the \textit{cloud}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{PHY layer: modulation and demodulation}
\begin{frame}{Digital modulation}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{A}mplitude \textbf{S}hift \textbf{K}eying (ASK)
\end{itemize}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{images/unmodulated.png}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{images/amplitude_modulation.png}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Digital modulation}
\begin{reference}{0mm}{75mm}
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirp\_spread\_spectrum
\end{reference}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{F}requency \textbf{S}hift \textbf{K}eying (FSK)
\end{itemize}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{images/unmodulated.png}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{images/frequency_modulation.png}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Digital modulation}
\begin{itemize}
\item Used by LoRa: \textbf{C}hirp \textbf{S}pread \textbf{S}pectrum (CSS) modulation
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/chirp.png}
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/chirp_spectrogram.png}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize}
\item Chirp = frequency change over time\\
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{LoRa modulation}
\begin{itemize}
\item LoRa uses \textbf{Up-Chirps} (frequency increases) and \textbf{Down-Chirps} (frequency decreases)
\end{itemize}
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/lora_upchirp.png}
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/lora_downchirp.png}
%\item Messages always start with 8 Up-Chirps
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Example LoRa packet}
\begin{reference}{0mm}{70mm}
Thanks Valentin and Stefan (DM4SG) for providing this data 
\end{reference}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics<1>[scale=0.2]{images/lora_signal.png}
\includegraphics<2>[scale=0.2]{images/lora_signal_2.png}
\includegraphics<3>[scale=0.2]{images/lora_signal_3.png}
\end{center}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Chirps and Symbols}
\begin{overlayarea}{\textwidth}{\textheight}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics<1>[scale=0.4]{images/lora_symbols_0.png}
\includegraphics<2>[scale=0.4]{images/lora_symbols_1.png}
\includegraphics<3>[scale=0.4]{images/lora_symbols_2.png}
\includegraphics<4>[scale=0.4]{images/lora_symbols_3.png}
\includegraphics<5>[scale=0.4]{images/lora_symbols_4.png}
\includegraphics<6>[scale=0.4]{images/lora_symbols_5.png}
\end{center}
\only<2->{
Time of frequency jump determines which data is encoded\\
}
\begin{center}
\only<3>{Example: \texttt{data = }\texttt{00000}}
\only<4>{Example: \texttt{data = }\texttt{00010}}
\only<5>{Example: \texttt{data = }\texttt{00011}}
\only<6>{Example: \texttt{data = }\texttt{10110}}
\end{center}
\end{overlayarea}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Spreading factor}
\begin{itemize}
\item Number of bits per symbol is determined by  \textbf{spreading factor} (SF)
\begin{center}
\includegraphics<1>[scale=0.5]{images/lora_spreading_factors.png}
\end{center}
\item Possible values: SF7 - SF12\\
\hspace{0.5cm} SF7: 7 bits per symbol \\
\hspace{0.5cm} SF12: 12 bits per symbol
\item Spreading factor influences max. range
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Demodulation}
\begin{itemize}
\item Signal is multiplied by (mixed with) Down-Chirp
\item Fourier Transform
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Forward error coding}
\begin{itemize}
\item For each symbol several \textbf{parity bits} are added (= redundant information) \\
Reason: allows to detect and fix errors that occur during transmission (due to interference, etc.)
\item \textbf{Coding rate} determines number of parity bits:\\
\hspace{0.25cm} CR 4/5 : of 5 bits transmitted, 4 bits are actual data\\
\hspace{1.5cm}$\vdots$\\
\hspace{0.25cm} CR 4/8 : of 8 bits transmitted, 4 bits are actual data
\item Additionally: \textbf{C}yclical \textbf{R}edundancy \textbf{C}heck (CRC)
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{LoRa package format}
\begin{reference}{0mm}{70mm}
Source: SX1276/77/78/79 datasheet
\end{reference}
\includegraphics[scale=.3]{images/lora_packet_structure.png}
\begin{itemize}
\item Header: contains information about
\begin{itemize}
\item payload length
\item coding rate
\item CRC present?
\end{itemize} 
\item Implicit header mode: no header sent
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Data rate and air time}
\begin{itemize}
\item Data rate depends on bandwidth (BW), spreading factor (SF) and coding rate (CR)\\[0.3cm]
\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
\textbf{Symbol duration}:
\begin{equation*}
T_{sym} = \frac{2^{SF}}{BW}
\end{equation*}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
\textbf{Symbol rate}:
\begin{equation*}
R_{sym} = \frac{1}{T_{sym}}
\end{equation*}
\end{minipage}

\item \textbf{Data rate}:
\begin{equation*}
R_{data} = \underbrace{SF}_{\# \text{bits per symbol}} \cdot \underbrace{R_{symb}}_{\text{symbol rate}} \cdot \underbrace{\frac{4}{4 + CR}}_{\text{coding rate}}
\end{equation*}
\item Example data rates:\\
\begin{tabular}{lll|lr}
SF7 &BW250 &CR4/5 & $\approx 10.9$ &$\tfrac{kbit}{s}$ \\ \hline
SF7 &BW125 &CR4/5 & $\approx 5.5$ &$\tfrac{kbit}{s}$ \\ \hline
SF12 &BW125 &CR4/5 & $\approx 0.29$ & $\tfrac{kbit}{s}$ 
\end{tabular}
%\item Sync word: \url{https://forum.chirpstack.io/t/relation-between-sync-word-private-network-and-end-nodes/191/17}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Time-On-Air}
\begin{reference}{0mm}{65mm}
According to \textit{Allgemeinzuteilung von Frequenzen zur Nutzung durch Funkanwendungen mit geringer Reichweite für nicht näher spezifizierte Anwendungen; Non-specific
Short Range Devices (SRD)}, Bundesnetzagentur, 2018
\end{reference}
\begin{itemize}
\item Comply with \textbf{duty cycles} of the SRD band: 
\begin{tabular}{l|r|r}
Frequency & Duty Cycle & ERP \\
\hline
868,0 - 868,6 MHz & 1 \%  & 25 mW 
\end{tabular}
\item This amounts to $\approx 30$ seconds of transmission time per hour (maximum!). Try to keep it way below.
\item Airtime calculator: \url{https://www.loratools.nl/\#/airtime}
\item Example: \texttt{20 bytes} payload \\
$\rightarrow$ max. 25 messages per hour on SF12 \\
$\rightarrow$ max. 600 messages per hour on SF7 \\


\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\section{Playground Part I}
\begin{frame}[fragile]{Playground Part I}
\begin{itemize}
\item Module used: \textbf{Wemos® TTGO LORA32 868Mhz ESP32}
\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}
\begin{small}
\begin{itemize}
\item ESP32
\item LoRa Chip SX1276
\item OLED display
\item Antenna (needs to be connected!)
\end{itemize}
\end{small}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.075]{images/ttgo_module.JPG}
\end{minipage}
\item Programmable in MicroPython thanks to  \texttt{uPyLora} library by lemariva (\url{https://github.com/lemariva/uPyLora})

\begin{spacing}{0.84}
\begin{python}
from lora_transceiver import LoRaTransceiver
from uPySensors.ssd1306_i2c import Display

disp = Display()

# create transceiver
lora = LoRaTransceiver(display=disp)

# send a string
lora.send_string("Hello World!")

# send some raw binary data
lora.send([0x01, 0x02, 0x03])
\end{python}
\end{spacing}
\item Have a look at SX1276 datasheet
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]{Playground Part I}
\begin{itemize}
\item Receiving data:
\begin{spacing}{0.84}
\begin{python}
from lora_transceiver import LoRaTransceiver
from uPySensors.ssd1306_i2c import Display

disp = Display()

# create transceiver
lora = LoRaTransceiver(display=disp)

# start receiving data (and output on the screen)
lora.recv()
\end{python}
\end{spacing}
\item Change LoRa parameters
\begin{spacing}{0.85}
\begin{python}
# change the spreading factor
lora.setSpreadingFactor(10)

# change the frequency
lora.setFrequency(868.1e6)

# change signal bandwidth
lora.setSignalBandwidth(250e3)

# change sync word
lora.setSyncWord(0x34)
\end{python}
\end{spacing}
\item Task: \textit{Turn off your neighbors LED!}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\section{LoRaWAN}
\begin{frame}{LoRaWAN}
\begin{reference}{2mm}{80mm}
https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/
\end{reference}
\begin{itemize}
\item LoRaWAN is for getting your sensor data online
\item Media access control (MAC) protocol
\item Network topology:\\
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.085]{images/lorawan_topology.png}
\end{center}
\item \textbf{Gateways} forward data from nodes to the \textit{cloud}
\item Transmission is secured by AES-128 encryption
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Device registration}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{TheThingsNetwork} aims to build a global LoRaWAN network
\item Devices need to be registered and assigned to an application before they can communicate with the network
\begin{enumerate}
\item Create an account on \url{https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/}
\item Log in and open the \textit{Console}
\item 
\begin{minipage}{0.35\textwidth}
\vspace{-1.85cm}Create an application
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}
\vspace{-0.2cm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.08]{images/lorawan_application.png}
\end{minipage}
\item Create a device and register it. Go to \textit{Settings} and change activation method to Activation by Personalisation (ABP)\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.08]{images/lorawan_abp.png}
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Keys}
\begin{reference}{2mm}{80mm}
https://nootropicdesign.com/projectlab/2018/10/28/lorawan-end-devices/
\end{reference}
\begin{itemize}
\item Three important keys (when using ABP):\\
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{center}
\hspace*{-8pt}\makebox[\linewidth][c]{%
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
Device Address (\textbf{DevAddr}) & identification of the device in TTN \\
\hline 
Network Session Key (\textbf{NwkSKey}) & secure communication between device and TTN \\
\hline
Application Session Key (\textbf{AppSKey}) & secure communication between device and application
\end{tabular}
}
\end{center}
\end{scriptsize}
\begin{itemize}
\item DevAddr tells TTN where to route the data
\item NwkSKey used for message validity check (MIC)\\ (prevents tampering with messages)
\item AppSKey are used for payload encryption/decryption\\ (prevents reading the data)
\item Need to be \textbf{hardcoded} into the device
\end{itemize}
\item Alternatively: use Over-the-Air Activation (OTAA) (more secure)
\item Frame counters: Each message is equipped with a counter that prevents re-transmit attacks
\end{itemize}
\begin{reference}{2mm}{70mm}
https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/limitations-data-rate-packet-size-30-seconds-uplink-and-10-messages-downlink-per-day-fair-access-policy-guidelines/1300
\end{reference}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{LoRaWAN payload format}
\begin{reference}{2mm}{70mm}
http://www.techplayon.com/lora-long-range-network-architecture-protocol-architecture-and-frame-formats/
\end{reference}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{images/lorawan_payload_format.png}
\end{center}
Useful link:
\begin{itemize}
\item LoRaWAN packet decoder {\small \url{https://lorawan-packet-decoder-0ta6puiniaut.runkit.sh/}}

\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\section{Practical Part II}
\begin{frame}[fragile]{Playground Part II}
Example code for sending data to \textbf{TheThingsNetwork}:
\begin{spacing}{0.85}
\begin{python}
from lora_transceiver import LoRaTransceiver
from uPySensors.ssd1306_i2c import Display
import uLoRaWAN
from uLoRaWAN.MHDR import MHDR

disp = Display()

# create transceiver for LoRaWAN frequency (channel 0 = 868.1 Mhz)
lora = LoRaTransceiver(frequency=868.1E6, syncword=0x34, display=disp)

# set address and keys for LoRaWAN (with ABP)
devAddr = [0x26, 0x01, 0x16, 0x5C] # ir_test_device_01
nwkSKey = [0x9D, 0x95, 0x0F, 0xAB, 0xCB, 0x63, 0xD3, 0x04, 0xBC, 0x09, 
             0xC4, 0x9E, 0xC5, 0xDF, 0x3C, 0x37]
appSKey = [0xC9, 0x6C, 0x00, 0xD1, 0xB0, 0x1C, 0x2E, 0x42, 0x11, 0xBA, 
             0x32, 0x6F, 0x2F, 0xC2, 0x75, 0x6A]

# lorawan object for conversion of data in LoRaWAN message format
lorawan = uLoRaWAN.new(nwkSKey, appSKey)

message =  list(map(ord, 'Hello World!'))	# convert to bytes
lorawan.create(MHDR.UNCONF_DATA_UP, { 'devaddr': devAddr, 'fcnt': 0, 
                 'data': message })
payload = lorawan.to_raw()

lora.send(payload)
\end{python}
\end{spacing}
(the code is based on the \texttt{uLoRaWAN} library by mallagant, see: {\small \url{https://github.com/mallagant/uLoRaWAN}})
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]{Playground Part II}
For testing you can use the following device addresses and keys:
\begin{itemize}
\item 
\textbf{nwkSKey}
\begin{python}
 9D 95 0F AB CB 63 D3 04 BC 09 C4 9E C5 DF 3C 37
\end{python}
\item \textbf{appSKey}
\begin{python}
 C9 6C 00 D1 B0 1C 2E 42 11 BA 32 6F 2F C2 75 6A
\end{python}
\item \textbf{devAddr} (choose one):
\begin{python}
  1:  26 01 16 5C		10:  26 01 1A CE
  2:  26 01 18 52		11:  26 01 12 F1
  3:  26 01 1E 4F		12:  26 01 1B 18
  4:  26 01 17 83		13:  26 01 19 40
  5:  26 01 1B 5C		14:  26 01 19 96
  6:  26 01 1E B5		15:  26 01 18 FF
  7:  26 01 13 DA
  8:  26 01 1E 8F
  9:  26 01 18 F1
\end{python}
\item Watch incoming data at
\begin{center}
\url{https://enny86r86c66.x.pipedream.net}
\end{center}
and check the gateway logs at (@BayernWLAN wifi)
\begin{center}
\url{http://192.168.1.1/}
\end{center}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{References and further reading}
\begin{footnotesize}
References:
\begin{itemize}
\item Decoding LoRa \url{https://revspace.nl/DecodingLora}
\item \textit{LoRa und The Things Network} - talk by Hubert Högl (FH Augsburg)
\item \href{https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/278192/understanding-the-relationship-between-lora-chips-chirps-symbols-and-bits}{Stackexchange thread about LoRa symbols}
\item \href{http://wireless.ictp.it/school_2017/Slides/LoRaDetails.pdf}{LoRa talk}
\item \href{https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmL13yqb6OxdeOi97EvI8QeO8o-PqeQ0g}{Mobilefish.com LoRa youtube tutorials}
\end{itemize}

Further reading:
\begin{itemize}
\item TTN Applications: APIs, Python SDK, Integrations {\scriptsize \url{https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/applications/}}
\item Best practices to reduce payload size: {\scriptsize \url{https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/best-practices-to-limit-application-payloads/1302}}
\item Forum about all things LoRa: \url{https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/}
\begin{itemize}
\item Gateway guides
\item Antenna recommendations
\item ...
\end{itemize}
\item Cayenne Low Power Payload (LPP)
\end{itemize}
\end{footnotesize}
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\textbf{Thanks for your attention!}
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